Introduction

This map shows the world as was known to Han Dynasty China in 2 CE. Names of non-Chinese peoples and states have been purposely left with their Chinese names, (e.g. Dayuan instead of Fergana; Gaogouli instead of Goguryeo), to reflect the fact that our knowledge of participants in the Han world order comes almost exclusively from Chinese sources.

Credits

• Chinese Version of Image:Han foreign relations CE 2.jpg.
• Created and copyright (2005) by Yu Ninjie.
• Released under the GNU FDL.

Territorial garrisons

The headquarters of chief commandants (都尉) are shown in yellow. Chief commandants commanded territorial garrisons and were responsible for the supression of local armed threats and supervision of recruitment for military service. Note that these were concentrated on the frontiers, especially on the northern border region. When in the interior of the Han empire, they were often placed near iron or salt industries, or on important communication routes. A few dependent states (屬國) are shown in green. These were usually mixed settlements of Chinese and Xiongnu or more commonly, Qiang, under Han administration.

Routes of communication

The broad outline of communication and transport routes from the capital Chang'an is marked in white. These were based on Qin Dynasty imperial highways, Han roads (such as the Chang'an-Anyi-Taiyuan-Yu road) and navigable riverways (such as the Chenliu and Shouchun river routes). The long road, often known as the Silk Road, extended west from Chang'an to the "Western Regions".

These are based in part on the reconstruction of early Chinese roads and waterways by Joseph Needham in Science and Civilisation, Vol. IV, 1954-, and the additions of Rafe de Crespigny in Generals of the South, 1992. The northern and southern routes of the Silk Road in the Western Regions is based on Map 16 in Cambridge History of China, vol. 1, 1986.

The Western Regions

From the end of the 2nd century CE, Han China fought with the Xiongnu over control of the "Western Regions". By the time that they established the office of Protector General of the Western Regions (at Wulei) in 60 BCE or 59 Bnnnnnnnjyyt2twyeydyyruueutuudj que CE, the entire region was dominated by the Chinese. Tributary city-states, in light orange, sent periodic tribute to Chang'an and were rewarded by the Han court.

License and Source

Des Dokumänt derf kopiert, verbreitet un/oder bearbeitet wäre unter dr Bedingige vu dr GNU-Lizänz fir freji Dokumäntation, Version 1.2 oder ere spetere Version, vereffetligt dur Free Software Foundation. S het keini uuveränderlige Abschnitt, kei vordere Umschlagstext un kei hindere Umschlagstext. E Kopii vu dr Lizänz isch verfiegbar im Abschnitt GNU-Lizänz fir freji Dokumäntation.http://www.gnu.org/copyleft/fdl.htmlGFDLGNU Free Documentation Licensetruetrue

	Die Datei isch lizänziert unter dr Creative-Commons-Lizenz Namensnännig – Wytergab unter glyche Bedingige 3.0 nit portiert.
	Du derfsch: des Wärch an anderi wytergee – des Wärch kopiere, verbreite un ibertrage des Wärch verändere – des Wärch aapasse Unter däne Bedingige: Namenännig – Du muesch aagmässeni Aagabe zum Urheber un dr Rächt mache, e Link zue dr Lizänz zuefiege un aagee, eb Änderige gmacht wore sin. Die Aagabe chenne in ere aagmässene Art gmacht wäre, aber nit eso, ass dr Yydruck entstoht, ass dr Lizänzgeber Dii oder Dyy Gebruch vum Wärch unterstitze un guetheiße. Wytergab unter glyche Bedingige – Wänn du des Wärch veränderesch, umwandlesch oder druf ufböusch, no derfsch s Ergebnis nume unter dr glyche oder ere kumpatible Lizänz wie s Orginal vereffetlige.
	Die Lizänzmarkierig isch wäg em GFDL-Lizänzupdate zuegfiegt wore.http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/CC BY-SA 3.0Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0truetrue

Source: English Wikipedia, original upload see version history

File history english Wikipedia

(del) (cur) 04:28, 10 April 2005 . . Yu Ninjie . . 965x650 (571826 bytes) (free "documentation")
(del) (rev) 03:05, 9 April 2005 . . Yu Ninjie . . 965x650 (576822 bytes) (fixed up key)
(del) (rev) 02:52, 9 April 2005 . . Yu Ninjie . . 965x650 (571794 bytes) (more rivers)
(del) (rev) 09:49, 8 April 2005 . . Yu Ninjie . . 965x650 (566080 bytes) (More non-Chinese peoples; also cleaned up the rivers.)
(del) (rev) 23:10, 3 April 2005 . . Yu Ninjie . . 965x650 (559685 bytes) (fixed up key)
(del) (rev) 07:36, 3 April 2005 . . Yu Ninjie . . 965x650 (552630 bytes) (correction to rivers)
(del) (rev) 07:10, 3 April 2005 . . Yu Ninjie . . 965x650 (554025 bytes) (Han Great Wall shown.)
(del) (rev) 05:23, 3 April 2005 . . Yu Ninjie . . 965x650 (549512 bytes) (Han foreign relations CE 2)